Introduction
This month’s minor topolect post is the heartiest of such posts to date. Haimen (locally pronounced [haɪ məŋ]) and Qidong (locally [ʨʰi toŋ]) are two cities under the jurisdiction of Nantong. They have a combined population of about 2.6 million people all living north and northeast of Shanghai in southern Jiangsu province. From Qidong it’s 22km to the ocean, moving inches farther away each year. It’s actually over 70km from downtown Nantong despite its political affiliation, making it actually closer to Shanghai (65+km) than Nantong as the crow flies. Of course, dialects have neither wings nor gills.

Qidong dialect is almost entirely identical to Haimen dialect and as such they are often jointly called Qihai dialect, 启海话. There is some subtle difference in accent but aside from that none of the people with whom I’ve spoken from either city can provide any concrete examples of any difference. And for what it’s worth Qidong natives have little trouble with Shanghainese speech, so the recordings below may be of some value in the area of listening practice for those learning Shanghainese.

Despite being the majority dialect in the area, Qihai is not the only Wu dialect that falls within the borders of Qidong. The other and only slightly related dialect is appropriately called Lüsi dialect being that it’s spoken in the town of Lüsi 吕四港镇.

The following is from Baidu’s Baike page (which also includes initials in finals, but no IPA) on Tongdong hua:

And from the Wikipedia article on Qidong:

The question in Qidong/Haimen becomes where Qihai hua gives way to Tongdong hua. What may be referred to by locals as Qidong hua is actually not only Qihai hua but also Tongdong hua. Lüsi is about 30km north of what in English would be called Qidong City¹, and with the rather significant differences it should be considered a different topolect and usually is. I’ve spoken to a few people from the area and it appears that Tongdong is limited almost solely to 吕四港镇 as far as counties within the jurisdiction of Qidong City.

Naming
While not the biggest issue, the name of the dialects is not without complication. In Qidong and in Haimen it will often be referred to as 启东话 and 海门话 respectively. Meanwhile outside their respective cities, 启海话 wins out at the preferred term.

Tongdong hua may be called just that or sometimes also Tongzhou hua 通州话, Tongzhou being another city within Nantong where it is spoken. My friends from Qidong all refer to 通东话 as 吕四话 and are largely unfamiliar with the 通东 name in any local context.

Audio
I apologise in advance. You’re about to hear me speak some lazy-assed Mandarin and make poor attempts at repeating what the native speaker says. I had intended to completely edit myself out and thus kept quiet but in the end have left much of it just to it’s less… abrupt. Also she was giving me weird looks when I was responding with just head-nods so I started answering more audibly.

The first recording starts with numbers one to ten. Keep in mind here the number 2 is 二 not 两 as I’ve used in other posts for the more common form of “two”. Both of course are still used in the appropriate places.

Any rhythmic clicking in the background is my dog walking across the floor. She may also at some point say “defecate” and “urinate” that I’ve missed in the transcription but I’m not sure if that’s still in there. The dog is reason. You can figure out for yourself how that came up.

As you’ve heard above, Qidong locals will be the first to echo the idea that Qihai hua is nearly identical to Chongming⁵ hua, and thus damn close to Shanghainese. While the former is true, both Qihai hua and Chongming hua have some pretty major differences from urban Shanghainese and so at least in terms of public acceptance, a native of Qidong would be pressed to find effortless understanding of their speech in Shanghai’s Jing’an.

Tones
Like Shaoxing dialect but unlike most other Northern Wu dialects, Qihai has the full 8 tones. They are as follows:

　阴平　５４　　阴上　４３５　阴去　４４５　阴入　５５
　阳平　２４　　阳上　２４１　阳去　２１３　阳入　２３

Note the 阳上 tone is like an inverted Mandarin third tone, cresting instead of dipping. While not exactly anomalous, it’s not so common either. You can hear it in the first recording when she says the number five.

For Tongdong the tones are as follows:

　阴平　４４　　阴上　５１　　阴去　３４　　阴入　３４
　阳平　１３　　阳上　３１　　阳去　２１　　阳入　２３

Given the difficulty a Mandarin learner may have with being understood with a poor grasp of the four tones, you can see how this difference alone could contribute to a lack of mutual intelligibility.

Other goodies
There’s a quiz over at Baidu Tieba, though all in characters and probably would only really be doable if you were already from Qidong.

Fobshanghai.com has a post up with a rather lengthy glossary list, again characters only.

Of course there’s always the official site for the Qidong government.

Conclusion
So there it is. Feel free to suggest any changes in the transcription. If there are any, I’ll just ask her to say the word/s again clearly and repeatedly to figure out what it really should be.

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1. The terms used to translate Chinese 市 and 县 are “city” and “county” respectively. There’s a Wikipedia article on it. The gist is that counties are often within cities, not the other way around.
2. Literally, “North of the Yangtze”, though Jiangbei 江北 is often used in a derogatory manner in the delta, the implication being that those from south of the River are more civilised.
3. It could be a lateral tap as I’ve written or maybe an alveolar tap though I’m less convinced of that one. Next time I see her I’ll find out which it should be, assuming I can figure out how to clearly say “lateral tap” in Mandarin.
4. I’m not entirely sure, but I think this -a ending is restricted to girls and of about this age (early 20s). See the Wikipedia article on gendered speech in Japanese for more on this sort of thing.
5. Actually, at least in terms of political divisions, in some cases Qihai hua is Chongming hua. 启隆乡 is on the island but administered by 启东市 while 海门市’s 海永乡 is just to the Northwest on the island. Click here for a map. My guess is that a small island that was part of Jiangsu got eaten up by shifting sands sometime after 1950.

This month for the Monthly Minor Topolect we’re looking at Shaoxing dialect from Northern Zhenjiang. The city is on the site of the 越国 capital of the Spring and Autumn Period. The population is just over 4 million and it’s geographically pretty close to Hangzhou.

Tones
Shaoxing dialect, unlike most of the Northern Wu dialects, has the full 8 tones, four in each register. They are as follows:

　阴平　４１　　　阴上　３３５　　阴去　３３　　阴入　４
　阳平　２３１　　阳上　１１３　　阳去　１１　　阳入　２　

Unlike contours for a number of dialects, we can clearly see 阴 and 阳 as upper and lower registers.

Personal pronouns
Note the differences between “I” and “you” are absurdly small if you’re not so great with /ŋ/ at the beginning of words.

Example sentences
And some examples:

　你是不是杭州人？← 绍兴话
　noʔ˨ ze˩˩˧ veʔ˨ ze˩˩˧ ɦɒŋ˨˧˩ tsɤ˦˩ ɲiŋ˨˧˩?
　你是不是杭州人？← 普通话

　今朝只有你一个人来埭啊。
　ʨiŋ˦˩ tsɒ˦˩ ʨiʔ˦ ʨiɤ˦˩ noʔ˨ ieʔ˦ gəʔ˨ ɲiŋ˨˧˩ le˨˧˩ da˩˩ a˩˩
　今天只有你一个人在啊。

　你还好去来。
　noʔ˨ væʔ˨ hɒ˧˧˥ ʨʰi˧˧ le˧˧
　你还可以去。

More
Most of this information is coming from a book published by Zhejiang University Press (浙江大学出版社) which goes in to a huge amount of detail at about 294000 characters. I gotta say I like that books are calculated by number of characters, not pages, in the Chinese equivalent of the Library of Congress details in the first page or so. If you’re big into 绍兴话 and want the book, it’s called 《吴越文化视野中的绍兴方言研究》 and is listed at 元36.

Inspired by the recent conversations regarding Qián Xuántóng 钱玄同, this month the minor topolect is that of his hometown, Húzhōu 湖州, or as they (allegedly) say in the dialect, Wuzei. More than that, I spent so much time sorting through blurred photocopies of Húzhōu dialect pronunciations for the 让 post that I felt for the damage my eyes have incurred I ought to put it all to good use.

Depending on who you ask, Húzhōu dialect has 7 or 8 tones. I’m going with 8 as it’s significantly more badass. In the 7-tone scheme, 阴去 and 阳去 are combined. The following tone table is from the Journal of Huzhou Teacher’s College with the examples coming from another source using a 7-tone system, hence the misplaced 去声 characters.

I’m not going to go too much into the phonetics here below are a few quick examples.

门 [mən]　毛 [mɔ]　风 [foŋ]　上 [zɔ~]　力 [liɛʔ]　酒 [ʨiy]

Few words end in /ŋ/, specifically those with an -ong or -iong ending. In most cases the /ŋ/ ending turns into a nasalisation of the preceding vowel and 入声 syllables tend to end with /ʔ/.

Next month’s minor topolect will go into a bit more detail including sentences and sandhi^*

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* إن شاء الله

Nerdy pseudoacademic time, emphasis on pseudo. A friend of mine had to go to Pinghu (平湖) recently. I remembered reading the name somewhere, knowing it was in Zhejiang but little else. Turns out the way I know it is from some different sound tables I’ve collected among other various Wu dialects.

So in an effort to spread the love, since Wu isn’t just Shanghai (or as it may have seemed since January, just Changzhou), I present the first and possibly last in a series called the Monthly Minor Wu Topolect, or the Monthly MWT.

Pinghuhua, like most Wu dialects, runs a the seven-tone sectrum. They are as follows:

阴平　53　(e.g. 山，音，天，方）
阳平　31　(陈，平，同，云)
阴上　55　(古，好，井)
阴去　44　(送，信)
阳去　13　(事，动，口)
阴入　-5　(吉，国，客)
阳入　-2　(木，肉，读)

At least from the readily available written records, these differ from a number of the neighbouring dialects. And according to at least one such source, the dialect of Jiaxing, the prefecture-level city which now governs Pinghu, swaps 阴平 and 阴上 as compared to the Pinghu dialect. Phonetically, it is very similar to the neighbouring dialcets, the main differences being tonal, though as usual not all sources agree on the tones, so it’s difficult to say one way or another.

From Modern Standard Mandarin, there are some mostly consistent sound shifts. For example, -ang endings (黄, 肮) turn to nasalised -ã, so 黄 should be [ɦuã]. Pinyin’s “sh” is reduced to “s”, as is the case in most Wu topolects, and most if not all syllables taking 阴入 or 阳入 end in a glottal stop (ʔ).

Unfortunately my friend was too busy to track down any locally published sources on the Pinghu dialect, and I was in Suzhou at the time thus unable to tag along, recorder in hand. Looks like that will have to wait for the Annals’ Zhejiang Tour.