Qián Xuántóng and ràng (让) October 9 2009 4 comments

First, if you haven’t already, read “The origins of ràng’s svelte simplification” over at John B.’s Global Maverick.

To re-quote from Jerry Norman’s book Chinese (Amazon, Google Books):

The simplified form of ràng ‘to allow’ illustrates several interesting points. First of all, it’s a newly created xíngshēng character consisting of the ’speech’ radical on the left and a phonetic element on the right. The radical itself is a simplified component based on its cursive form, and is used in its simplified form whenever it occurs as the left-hand component in a character. The phonetic, pronounced shàng, is at first sight rather puzzling, since the alternation of words beginning with sh and r in a single phonetic series is unusual. The explanation for this rather odd usage probably lies in the character’s dialectical origin; in certain Wú dialects the literary readings of ràng and shàng are the same. (In the Sūzhōu dialect, for example, both are pronounced zaŋ6.) Although this particular simplified character is probably of regional origin, its extreme simplicity no doubt led to its being adopted in other regions of China, and finally to its acceptance as an officially sanctioned simplified character.

(transcription blatantly stolen from John’s site)

As I mentioned in the comments over at GM, the last sentence interests me quite a bit. I know in 1956 and again in 1964 lists were released by Beijing giving the simplified form of a number of characters. Then a final collection (called 简化字总表) was released in 1986. What I don’t know is when 让 was introduced. My suspicion is that it was already in wide use in the Delta long before the ‘86 collection, possibly before even the ‘64.

There were of course efforts toward simplification before that. One of the earliest and maybe most relevant to the inclusion of 让 was that of linguist Qián Xuántóng 钱玄同 who published a list of around 2,400 simplified characters in 1935. The same year, the Nanjing government published their own list, though of only about 324 characters. A year before this, 中国图书馆服务社出版杜 published their own list of just over 350.

It may be of some relevance that Qián was from Huzhou, a town in northern Zhejiang where Wu is spoken.

update:
Killing time I thought I’d run through a couple dialects comparing 让 and 上 using the Wu Association online dictionary search, lacking any better resources while I couch-surf Jiangsu. Of course, they were unlikely to match since it’s neither of literary readings nor even 老派. But, at least according to their dictionary, the Hangzhou 杭州 readings do match, both being zan҂, tone and IPA unknown. Not that I really doubted Norman’s claim. See footnote 1.

update 2:
According to an article from the Journal of Huzhou Teacher’s College published 8/99, Huzhou dialect reads 上 as [zɔ̃] or [zaŋ] and 让 as [-ã] or [-aŋ]#. I believe the second of each pair is 老派, but I’m admittedly not at all sure. Unfortunately the chart at which I’m looking doesn’t give the initial for 让, and in fact the only intitial r- word it gives that would be either a [z] or [n]/[ɲ] is 肉 which it gives as [ɲ-], probably [ɲuəʔ]. The sample’s too small to know one way or another.

If it turns out that the second in the pair is either 老派 or the literary reading, and if 让 does in fact take the initial [z], it would support the likelihood of Qián’s influence on 让 from 讓. Of course, if neither of those are true, it wouldn’t really count as a strike against the idea.

update 3: 12/Oct
Last update, seriously. I found a rather cool book at the library today. It’s from 2007, which is æons more recent than anything else I have on 苏州话. It gives the following:

让-sã
上-sɑ̃
上-sã (literary reading)

The difference between sã and sɑ̃ is minimal, so even if we ignore the literary reading, they’re still damn close.

- – -
† Who could possibly not like someone who writes papers on things like “The Origin of the Proto-Min Softened Stops”?
‡ Of no relevance here but still interesting, Qián also once suggested that Mandarin be replaced by Esperanto.
҂ If you do go wandering through their dictionary search, it may be of some use to know their transcription “ny” corresponds to ɲ/ȵ.
# I’ve run out of daggers. According to another source, 湖州新派 gives 让 the tone curve ˧˥, taking 阴去声.







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3 Comments
  1. John B, October 10, 2009:

    I’m curious what the superscript ‘6′ in his Suzhou pronunciation meant. There was no indication of the romanization system being used (indeed, it seems like just straight IPA to me), but the way he used it seems to indicate that it’s meaning would be commonly understood by potential readers.


  2. Kellen, October 10, 2009:

    Usually in Wu dialects with a 7 tone system, the 6th is 阴入. I’ve never seen 阴去 called the sixth tone. I have found one source calling 阳上 the 6th. I could be way off base, but I’m pretty sure in anything recent enough to influence 简体,neither 上 nor 让 are 上声.

    I’m flipping through Norman’s Chinese to see if I can find any indication that the 6 may otherwise be explained, but I don’t expect to find anything.

    edit: Somewhere around page 260 there may be a footnote. I’m looking at the Google Books version and those are the pages that have been removed. You may be able to find something in the hard copy.

    edit 2: 让 ɲiã˨˧ and 上 zã˨˧ are 阳去 in Shanghainese, so I’m really not sure what to do with that 6.


  3. Beijing Sounds, October 11, 2009:

    Who could possibly not like someone who writes papers on things like “The Origin of the Proto-Min Softened Stops”?

    chortle


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